Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Through a Freudian Lens Essay

Without personal access to authors, readers are left to themselves to interpret literature. This can become challenging with more difficult texts, such as Joseph Conrad’s novella Heart of Darkness. Fortunately, literary audiences are not abandoned to flounder in pieces such as this; active readers may look through many different lenses to see possible meanings in a work. For example, Conrad’s Heart of Darkness may be deciphered with a post-colonial, feminist, or archetypal mindset, or analyzed with Freudian psycho-analytic theory. The latter two would effectively reveal the greater roles of Kurtz and Marlow as the id and the ego, respectively, and offer the opportunity to draw a conclusion about the work as a whole. Sigmund Freud’s theories on the construction of the mind are simple, but fundamentally changed the field of psychology. He proposed, among other things, that the human mind is composed of three parts: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The preconscious consists of information, such as a telephone number, that is â€Å"accessible to consciousness without emotional resistance† (Schellenberg 21). In Freud’s estimation, the unconscious is the most important area of the mind. The information stored within it has â€Å"very strong resistances† to becoming conscious (Freud 32). Residing in the unconscious is the id, which â€Å"contains everything†¦that is present at birth†¦ – above all, therefore, the instincts which originate from somatic organization† (14). From birth, all action is instinctual, from the id. The id recognizes and entertains no desires but its own and is impatient to have its needs met. This phase lasts until a part of the id changes â€Å"under the influence of the real external world† (14). This changed portion b... ...o, while the novella’s archetypal structure glorifies Marlow’s domination of Kurtz. These two analyses taken together provide a much fuller and more comprehensive interpretation of the work. Conrad presents the idea that there is some darkness within each person. The darkness is is inherited and instinctual, but because it is natural does not make it right. He celebrates – and thereby almost advises – the turn from instinct. By telling Marlow’s tale, Joseph Conrad stresses to his audience the importance of self-knowledge and the unnecessity of instinct in civilization. Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York: Penguin Group, 1997. Freud, Sigmund. An Outline of Psycho-Analysis. Trans. James Strachey. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1949. Schellenberg, James A. Masters of Social Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978. Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Through a Freudian Lens Essay Without personal access to authors, readers are left to themselves to interpret literature. This can become challenging with more difficult texts, such as Joseph Conrad’s novella Heart of Darkness. Fortunately, literary audiences are not abandoned to flounder in pieces such as this; active readers may look through many different lenses to see possible meanings in a work. For example, Conrad’s Heart of Darkness may be deciphered with a post-colonial, feminist, or archetypal mindset, or analyzed with Freudian psycho-analytic theory. The latter two would effectively reveal the greater roles of Kurtz and Marlow as the id and the ego, respectively, and offer the opportunity to draw a conclusion about the work as a whole. Sigmund Freud’s theories on the construction of the mind are simple, but fundamentally changed the field of psychology. He proposed, among other things, that the human mind is composed of three parts: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The preconscious consists of information, such as a telephone number, that is â€Å"accessible to consciousness without emotional resistance† (Schellenberg 21). In Freud’s estimation, the unconscious is the most important area of the mind. The information stored within it has â€Å"very strong resistances† to becoming conscious (Freud 32). Residing in the unconscious is the id, which â€Å"contains everything†¦that is present at birth†¦ – above all, therefore, the instincts which originate from somatic organization† (14). From birth, all action is instinctual, from the id. The id recognizes and entertains no desires but its own and is impatient to have its needs met. This phase lasts until a part of the id changes â€Å"under the influence of the real external world† (14). This changed portion b... ...o, while the novella’s archetypal structure glorifies Marlow’s domination of Kurtz. These two analyses taken together provide a much fuller and more comprehensive interpretation of the work. Conrad presents the idea that there is some darkness within each person. The darkness is is inherited and instinctual, but because it is natural does not make it right. He celebrates – and thereby almost advises – the turn from instinct. By telling Marlow’s tale, Joseph Conrad stresses to his audience the importance of self-knowledge and the unnecessity of instinct in civilization. Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York: Penguin Group, 1997. Freud, Sigmund. An Outline of Psycho-Analysis. Trans. James Strachey. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1949. Schellenberg, James A. Masters of Social Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.

Metaqualone

Methaqualone is sedative-hypnotic drug that is similar in effect to barbiturates, a general Central Nervous System depressant. This drug was mainly used in the 1960s and 1970s for the treatment of insomnia, and as a muscle relaxant. Methaqualone was first synthesized in India in 1951 by Lindra Kishore Kacker and Syed Hussain Zaheer. By 1965 it was the most commonly prescribed sedative in Britain. In 1972 it was the sixth bestselling sedative in the US, where it was legal under the brand name Quaalude. Methaqualone is a drug that helps the relief of tension, mental stress, and anxiety. Short Term Effects Short term effects include a reduction of mental activity, cardiac and respiratory depression, drowsiness, reduced heart rate, reduced respiration and increased sexual arousal. The abuse of this drug gives rise to a barbiturate-type dependence. Long Term Effects Liver damage can result from long term abuse of methaqualone or from ingestion of heavily adulterer methaqualone. The liver is responsible for metabolizing or processing drugs in the body, and impurities in the drug can cause irreversible damage to the organ. Methaqualone also affects muscle movement and coordination and can produce parethesia, a â€Å"pins and needles† sensation, commonly in the face and fingers. Large doses also cause a heightened pain threshold, and uncontrolled muscle twitching. Physically Addicting or Psychologically Addicting Methaqualone is highly addictive both physically and psychologically, and continuous moderate to heavy usage leads to tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms. Death Associated with Drug Coma and death can result from using methaqualone. Ingestion of more than 800 mg of methaqualone in an adult and 150 mg in a child is considered toxic. The average lethal oral dose is 8-20 grams (100-200 mg/kg) and coma can occur after ingestion of 2. 4 grams. Methaqualone can also cause coma or death at lower levels if it is taken with another CNS depressant such as alcohol. Slang/Street Names of Drug Common street names for methaqualone are: Quaalude, Lude, Quat, Quad, Mandex, and Sopors. How the Drug is Taken Methaqualone can be injected, and also taken orally. It is manufactured in tablets or capsules. Methaqualone can also be found in brown, gray or black tacky powder. An average dose of methaqualone is about 3 grams but it also depends on the persons body height, weight, and the use of any other drug. Within 4-8 hours of taking the drug the user may experience slurred speech. Affects on Fetal Development Methaqualone passes through the breast milk in lactating women. Animal studies have shown the drug to cause birth defects when used during pregnancy. References http://www. streetdrugs. org. [email  protected] org. Copyright Publishers Group, 1996. Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. http://www. well. com/user/woa/fsseda. htm

Desire and Disappointment in “A & P” and “A Woman on a Roof” Essay

It may be natural instinct for men to be attracted to a good-looking woman or one who displays more than the usual amount of skin in public. The level and type of attraction varies from one male to another. However, more often than not, the primary expectation or fantasy of the male admirer regarding the female being admired, is not met because these expectations and fantasies are based on his personal conceptions and stereotypes about what women should be and not what the particular woman he chances upon is in reality. The male protagonists in John Updike’s â€Å"A & P† and Doris Lessing’s â€Å"A Woman on a Roof† exhibit different expectations on the female characters they meet but in the end, all of them would be disappointed and disillusioned with both the female character and, in turn, their own selves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Updike’s hero is 19 year-old Sammy who works in the checkout counter of a convenience store. One day, three young women walk into the store in their swimsuits. Sammy’s reaction, along with another young but married co-worker, is typical of men their age: they gawk at the woman with sexual desire. Written in the first person point of view of the main character, the reader notes that what Sammy notices about the women are the usual things that men desire in women like â€Å"long white prima-donna legs†¦(and) clean bare plane of the top of her chest down from the shoulder bones†¦(Updike).† Her admiration becomes more than a physical attraction, however, when the store manager reproaches the girls for their out-of-place outfits. In a burst of impulse, Sammy resigns from his job, his reason being that he could not take the embarrassment that the store manager inflicts upon the girls. He imagines his resignation to be a heroic act which he expects the girls to notic. To his disappointment, however, they do not even look back at him. Outside the store, Sammy thinks about â€Å"how hard the world was going to be (Updike)† afterwards. He realizes that the heroism is simply his own conception about what he does and nobody else, especially not the girls, get it. He loses his job in the process and he has too much pride to take it back.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The three male protagonists in Doris Lessing’s story, meanwhile, react upon the sight of a barely-clad woman sunbathing on a rooftop. Like Sammy, the men lust at the sight of the woman in â€Å"red scarf tied around her breasts and brief red bikini pants (Lessing).† The initial reaction evolves differently among the three men, however, as the sunbathing woman becomes a daily distraction to their work. Harry, past middle-age, reminds the other two to think of their own wives as they look at the woman. To him, the woman is a possession that should be reined and controlled and the particular woman on the roof must have had a husband that is not doing his job. The newly-married Stanley is confident that women are willing and submissive when they are coaxed. He gets along with Mrs. Pritchett because she responds to him. Tom, the youngest, has an ideal, fairy-tale image of himself. He imagines himself â€Å"at work on a crane, adjusting the arm to swing over and pick her up and swing her back across the sky to drop her near him (Lessing).† He is a hero protecting her from Stanley. All the time while the men watches, yells and whistles at her, the woman remains indifferent. Days later, Harry eventually gives up. Stanley becomes more enraged as the day becomes hotter. Tony remains hopeful but suffers the most as in the end when he decides to finally go and talk to the woman he is rejected and driven away.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Men have been used to classifying women according to types based on superficial images generated by media or during talks amongst themselves. When a man encounters someone that does not fit any of the molds, she disappoints him greatly, more than even she realizes. The characters in the two stories illustrate how hope could turn into disillusionment when a man entertains grand ideas about a woman even before understanding her. Works Cited Lessing, Doris. A Woman On A Roof. Updike, John. A & P.

Free Essays on Ccna

OSPF Terminology Neighbor – A neighbor refers to a connected (adjacent) router that is running an OSPF process with the adjacent interface assigned to the same area. Neighbors are found by Hello packets. Adjacency - An adjacency refers to the logical connection between a router and its corresponding designated routers and backup designed routers. Link – In OSPF, a link refers to a network of a router interface assigned to any given network. Within OSPF, link is synonymous with interface. Interface – An interface is a physical interface on a router. When an interface is added to the OSPF process, it is considered by OSPF as a link. If an interface is up than a link is up. Link State Advisement – (LSA) is an OSPF data packet containing link state and routing information that is shared among OSPF routers. Designated router – (DR) is only used when the OSPF router is connected to a broadcast (multi-access) network. Backup Designated router – (BDR) is a hot standby for the DR on broadcast links. OSPF areas – OSPF areas are similar to EIGRP Autonomous Systems. Areas are used to establish a hierarchical network. It uses four types of areas. Area boarder router – (ABR) is a router that has multiple area assignments. An interface may belong to only one area. If a router has multiple interfaces and if any of these interfaces belong to different areas, the router is considered ABR. Autonomous system boundary router – (ASBR) is a router with an interface connected to an external network or a different AS. An external network or AS refers to an interface belonging to a different routing protocol. Non-broadcast multi-access – (NMBA) networks are networks such as Frame Relay, X.25, and ATM. This type of network allows for multi-access but has no broadcast ability like Ethernet. Broadcast (Multi-access) – Networks such as Ethernet allow multiple access as well as provide broadcast ability. Point-to-Point – This t... Free Essays on Ccna Free Essays on Ccna OSPF Terminology Neighbor – A neighbor refers to a connected (adjacent) router that is running an OSPF process with the adjacent interface assigned to the same area. Neighbors are found by Hello packets. Adjacency - An adjacency refers to the logical connection between a router and its corresponding designated routers and backup designed routers. Link – In OSPF, a link refers to a network of a router interface assigned to any given network. Within OSPF, link is synonymous with interface. Interface – An interface is a physical interface on a router. When an interface is added to the OSPF process, it is considered by OSPF as a link. If an interface is up than a link is up. Link State Advisement – (LSA) is an OSPF data packet containing link state and routing information that is shared among OSPF routers. Designated router – (DR) is only used when the OSPF router is connected to a broadcast (multi-access) network. Backup Designated router – (BDR) is a hot standby for the DR on broadcast links. OSPF areas – OSPF areas are similar to EIGRP Autonomous Systems. Areas are used to establish a hierarchical network. It uses four types of areas. Area boarder router – (ABR) is a router that has multiple area assignments. An interface may belong to only one area. If a router has multiple interfaces and if any of these interfaces belong to different areas, the router is considered ABR. Autonomous system boundary router – (ASBR) is a router with an interface connected to an external network or a different AS. An external network or AS refers to an interface belonging to a different routing protocol. Non-broadcast multi-access – (NMBA) networks are networks such as Frame Relay, X.25, and ATM. This type of network allows for multi-access but has no broadcast ability like Ethernet. Broadcast (Multi-access) – Networks such as Ethernet allow multiple access as well as provide broadcast ability. Point-to-Point – This t...

Encantar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, Examples

Encantar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, Examples Encantar is a transitive verb that can be translated as to enchant or to bewitch. However, it is most often used to express an extreme like or love for an object. For example, Me encanta el chocolate is translated as I love chocolate. This article includes encantar conjugations reflecting this usage in the present, past, conditional and future indicative, the present and past subjunctive, the imperative, and other verb forms. Encantar as a Backward Verb The verbs encantar and gustar have a unique property: they are considered backward verbs. They are frequently used in the third  person, where the  subject  in the English sentence becomes the  object  in Spanish. For example, the English sentence I like the house (subject verb object) is reversed as me  gusta  la casa (object verb subject)  in Spanish. If we wish to say I like the house very much or I love the house, the phrase would be translated as Me encanta  la casa. Backward verb sentence construction is not unique to Spanish. English also uses this sentence formation in some instances. For example, look at the flipped sentence, Love matters to me. This backward construction in English and Spanish is inherited from Latin verbs in the 1500s that had this flipped verb-subject usage. The Spanish language uniquely borrowed several verbs from Latin, used the Latin backward construction, and then extended this construction to more than two dozen newly formed verbs over time.   The following list includes other  Spanish backward verbs. Note that most are used to describe opinions or psychological/physical reactions, possession, or involvement. aburrir - to borefaltar - to lackmolestar - to botherinteresar - to interestdisgustar - to disgustpicar - to itchfastidiar - to annoyimportar - to care about somethingquedar - to remain Encantar Conjugation When used with the meaning of to enchant or to bewitch, encantar is conjugated like any regular -ar verb such as tratar, or ayudar. For example, you can say La bruja encanta a la nià ±a (The witch enchants the girl). However, encantar is more commonly used as a backward verb meaning to love something. To reflect this popular usage, this article includes conjugations of encantar as a backward verb. For all of these conjugations, the subject of the sentence is the object that is loved. If the object is singular or a verb, the third person singular conjugation is used, and if the object is plural, the third person plural conjugation is used. Note that all of the conjugations use indirect object pronouns to show who loves the object, and the object always includes the definite article (el, la, los, las). Sentences with verbs like encantar may include the preposition a  plus a pronoun or noun that matches the  indirect object. This is usually included to draw attention to or make explicit the entity that is doing the liking. For example, A muchas mujeres les encantan los cuentos de amor,  which means,  Many women really like love stories. Present Indicative A mà ­ me encanta(n) Me encanta leer. I love reading. A ti teencanta(n) Te encantan las pelà ­culas de accià ³n. You love action movies. A usted/à ©l/ella leencanta(n) Le encanta aprender espaà ±ol. She loves learning Spanish. A nosotros nosencanta(n) Nos encanta la comida italiana. We love Italian food. A vosotros osencanta(n) Os encanta hacer ejercicio. You love exercising. A ustedes/ellos/ellas lesencanta(n) Les encantan los tulipanes. They love tulips. Preterite Indicative We use the preterite to describe completed actions in the past. When used with encantar, it usually means that when you see or experience something for the first time, you love it. A mà ­ me encantà ³/encantaron Me encantà ³ leer. I loved reading. A ti teencantà ³/encantaron Te encantaronlas pelà ­culas de accià ³n. You loved action movies. A usted/à ©l/ella leencantà ³/encantaron Le encantà ³ aprender espaà ±ol. She loved learning Spanish. A nosotros nosencantà ³/encantaron Nos encantà ³ la comida italiana. We loved Italian food. A vosotros osencantà ³/encantaron Os encantà ³ hacer ejercicio. You loved exercising. A ustedes/ellos/ellas lesencantà ³/encantaron Les encantaron los tulipanes. They loved tulips. Imperfect Indicative We use the imperfect tense to describe ongoing or repeated actions in the past. When used with encantar, it would mean that you used to love something, but not anymore. A mà ­ me encantaba(n) Me encantaba leer. I used to love reading. A ti teencantaba(n) Te encantabanlas pelà ­culas de accià ³n. You used to loveaction movies. A usted/à ©l/ella leencantaba(n) Le encantaba aprender espaà ±ol. She used to lovelearning Spanish. A nosotros nosencantaba(n) Nos encantaba la comida italiana. We used to loveItalian food. A vosotros osencantaba(n) Os encantaba hacer ejercicio. You used to loveexercising. A ustedes/ellos/ellas lesencantaba(n) Les encantaban los tulipanes. They used to lovetulips. Future Indicative A mà ­ me encantar(n) Me encantar leer. I will love reading. A ti teencantar(n) Te encantarnlas pelà ­culas de accià ³n. You will loveaction movies. A usted/à ©l/ella leencantar(n) Le encantar aprender espaà ±ol. She will lovelearning Spanish. A nosotros nosencantar(n) Nos encantar la comida italiana. We will loveItalian food. A vosotros osencantar(n) Os encantar hacer ejercicio. You will loveexercising. A ustedes/ellos/ellas lesencantar(n) Les encantarn los tulipanes. They will lovetulips. Periphrastic  Future Indicative   A mà ­ me va(n) a encantar Me va a encantar leer. I am going to love reading. A ti teva(n) a encantar Te van a encantarlas pelà ­culas de accià ³n. You aregoing to loveaction movies. A usted/à ©l/ella leva(n) a encantar Le va a encantar aprender espaà ±ol. She isgoing to lovelearning Spanish. A nosotros nosva(n) a encantar Nos va a encantar la comida italiana. We aregoing to loveItalian food. A vosotros osva(n) a encantar Os va a encantar hacer ejercicio. You aregoing to loveexercising. A ustedes/ellos/ellas lesva(n) a encantar Les van a encantar los tulipanes. They aregoing to lovetulips. Present Progressive/Gerund Form Present Progressive ofEncantar est(n) encantando A ella le est encantando aprender espaà ±ol. She is loving learning Spanish. Encantar Past Participle Present Perfect of Encantar ha(n) encantado A ella le ha encantado aprender espaà ±ol. She has loved learning Spanish. Conditional Indicative The conditional tense is used to talk about possibilities. A mà ­ me encantarà ­a(n) Me encantarà ­a leer si tuviera ms tiempo. I would love reading if I had more time. A ti teencantarà ­a(n) Te encantarà ­anlas pelà ­culas de accià ³n, pero son muy violentas. You would loveaction movies, but they are very violent. A usted/à ©l/ella leencantarà ­a(n) Le encantarà ­a aprender espaà ±ol si tuviera un buen maestro. She would lovelearning Spanish if she had a good teacher. A nosotros nosencantarà ­a(n) Nos encantarà ­a la comida italiana, pero no nos gusta la pasta. We would loveItalian food, but we don't like pasta. A vosotros osencantarà ­a(n) Os encantarà ­a hacer ejercicio si estuvierais en forma. You would loveexercising if you were in shape. A ustedes/ellos/ellas lesencantarà ­a(n) Les encantarà ­an los tulipanes, pero prefieren las rosas. They would lovetulips, but they prefer roses. Present Subjunctive Que a mà ­ me encante(n) El maestro espera que me encante leer. The teacher hopes that I love to read. Que a ti te encante(n) Tu novio espera que te encanten las pelà ­culas de accià ³n. Your boyfriend hopes that you love action movies. Que a usted/à ©l/ella le encante(n) Su profesora espera que a ella le encante aprender espaà ±ol. Her professor hopes that she loves to learn Spanish. Que a nosotros nos encante(n) El cocinero espera que nos encante la comida italiana. The cook hopes that we love Italian food. Que a vosotros os encante(n) La doctora espera que nos encante hacer ejercicio. The doctor hopes that we love exercising. Que a ustedes/ellos/ellas les encante(n) El decorador espera que a ellas les encanten los tulipanes. The decorator hopes that they love tulips. Imperfect Subjunctive Note that there are two options for conjugating the imperfect subjunctive: Option 1 Que a mà ­ me encantara(n) El maestro esperaba que me encantara leer. The teacher hoped that I would love to read. Que a ti te encantara(n) Tu novio esperaba que te encantaran las pelà ­culas de accià ³n. Your boyfriend hoped that you would love action movies. Que a usted/à ©l/ella le encantara(n) Su profesora esperaba que a ella le encantara aprender espaà ±ol. Her professor hoped that she would love to learn Spanish. Que a nosotros nos encantara(n) El cocinero esperaba que nos encantara la comida italiana. The cook hoped that we would love Italian food. Que a vosotros os encantara(n) La doctora esperaba que os encantara hacer ejercicio. The doctor hoped that you would love exercising. Que a ustedes/ellos/ellas les encantara(n) El decorador esperaba que a ellas les encantaran los tulipanes. The decorator hoped that they would love tulips. Option 2 Que a mà ­ me encantase(n) El maestro esperaba que me encantase leer. The teacher hoped that I would love to read. Que a ti te encantase(n) Tu novio esperaba que te encantasen las pelà ­culas de accià ³n. Your boyfriend hoped that you would love action movies. Que a usted/à ©l/ella le encantase(n) Su profesora esperaba que a ella le encantase aprender espaà ±ol. Her professor hoped that she would love to learn Spanish. Que a nosotros nos encantase(n) El cocinero esperaba que nos encantase la comida italiana. The cook hoped that we would love Italian food. Que a vosotros os encantase(n) La doctora esperaba que os encantase hacer ejercicio. The doctor hoped that you would love exercising. Que a ustedes/ellos/ellas les encantase(n) El decorador esperaba que a ellas les encantasen los tulipanes. The decorator hoped that they would love tulips. Encantar Imperative The imperative mood is used to give commands or orders. If you use encantar as a regular verb meaning to enchant or bewitch someone, then you can use the imperative forms as with other regular -ar verbs. However, when encantar is used as a backward verb to mean to love something, the subject of the sentence is the person who loves the object. Therefore, if you form the imperative for these backward verbs, you would be telling the object to enchant the person, instead of telling the person to love the object. For that reason, the imperative forms of encantar are rarely used when the verb is a backward verb. If you wanted to tell someone to love something, you could use a structure with the subjunctive, such as Quiero que te encante bailar (I want you to love dancing).

The Law of Negligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Law of Negligence - Essay Example 1The decision of Donoghue v. Stevenson was the point from where carelessness or a general duty for carelessness was recognized. In the case it was recognized that a manufacturer owed a duty to ensure that the produce were free from defect, to the ultimate consumer, and that any damage to property or personal injury should have been foreseen by him. In the particular case the claimant argued that she was poisoned due to drinking the ginger beer, purchased by her friend, due to the fact that the opaque form of bottle did not allow her to notice that the beer had a decomposed snail in it. The House of Lords by a bare majority found that a duty of care was owed to her, thereby overturning the previous decisions. Lord Atkin formulated on the general conception on which a duty of care was determined upon or in other word the famous "neighbor principle". The principle said that all reasonable care should taken to avoid acts or omissions from which it was reasonably foreseeable would injure the neighbor. This case started to recognize what had been termed the social wrong and so based negligent liability by determining the fault. Damage also is an essential part for proving neglige3nce and so the claimant must prove that an injury was sustained as a result of the defendant's negligence. Fault, damage ad causation is necessary but not sufficient condition of liability. The focus therefore in claims of negligence is that a duty has to be established for any claims for possible liability. Thus even if it can be shown that there has been a damage caused to the claimant the courts may nevertheless not grant negligence if it is found that there is no duty situation. Further there have been restrictions imposed by courts for claims of pure economic loss. 2In Murphy v. Brentwood DC the courts limited the scope for claiming economic loss but there are possibilities of claiming it in a number of situations. Further the courts have created a distinction between acts and omissions, liability for positive acts have been long recognize but this has not been so for omissions which are only allowed in very exceptional circumstances. 3The duty of care attaches with it the concept of foresee ability as Lord Wright said in Bourhill v. Young that the concept of foresee ability is always relative to the individual affected . However it is further stressed that foresee ability in itself is not adequate for establishing duty of care. Even though Lord Atkin place great emphasis on reasonable contemplation or foresee ability of harm as a precondition for establishing duty of care it fails to explain many claims under physical, non-physical and property damage which are even though foreseeable but still fall outside the head of negligence. The test for causation limits liability and so the courts are allowed to make value judgments when ascertaining damages. The courts have at times used the but for test for establishing liability- would the loss have occurred but for the negligence of the defendant. This limits the liability of defendants to the extent of his personal responsibility. The question of whether a duty of care is owed by the defendant is a matter of law and so is ascertained by the

Beyond the Apparent Meaning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Beyond the Apparent Meaning - Research Paper Example Close and keen analysis of his works reveals the how the author builds the theme in the story. This paper will highlight the how the author develops the theme of moral obligation in the story ‘Magic Barrel’ and others. The ‘magic barrel’ is a fascinating literary piece that has received a lot of attention from literature scholars. The story centers on the Leo’s search for a bride, an assignment that he considers himself unable to handle and designates it tom Salzman, who specializes in matchmaking. The story highlights why Leo must embark on searching for a potential bride. Apparently, he had spent most of his years in rabbinical studies and having a wife at that juncture had the potential of improving his chances as a rabbi. At the time, a rabbi without a wife hardly found a congregation to shepherd. At twenty-seven, he realized that he urgently needed a bride but lacked the capacity to court one for himself because he had spent the preceding years c oncentrating on his studies and never found time to develop any social skills. These are the reasons that made him seek for the assistance of the matchmaker. The story progresses to describe the process that followed in the search for a bride. It becomes evident that Leo Finkle embarked on the venture because, it was an obligation for him to have wife, as a Jewish scholar. Although his initial motivation was entirely being able to meet the moral obligation required by Judaism, it turned out to mean much more. A rabbi had to have a wife prior to ordination, a factor that placed him in an appropriate position for him to understand the marriage institution complexities because he would have to give others counsel on such matters. Consequently, being bachelor placed a barrier for some potential rabbis because it proved them incapable of managing a congregation. Malamud uses Leo as reflection of religious moral obligations in the Jewish community. The zealous search that Leo indulges in reveals the depth and criticality of moral obligation. As Salzman made suggestions of potential brides for Leo, it became evident that his moral obligations influenced his decisions and opinions of the potential brides. He had moral standings that served to determine the would-be bride. In this context, Leo was acting in accordance to the Jewish law (Avery190). Having studied law for a long time, Korah laws defined his moral standings. As Malamud developed the story, he introduces a new perspective of moral obligation. As Leo Finkle absorbed himself in the search of a potential bride, he realized that he lacked the central value that defined an individual’s moral values. Although he strived to fulfill the religious moral obligations, he recognized that love for God had not moved him to theological law. In essence, love for God appeared to him as higher authority. Although being a rabbi involved helping others out of love, he lacked love for God and fellow humans. He recognize d his need for love and resolved to build the important attribute that would help him serve effectively. He understood the emptiness that surrounded a rabbi who lacked understanding of love. Upon realization of the fact that he needed love, he woke up to the reality that love was a stronger moral obligation (Malamud 167). In addition, Malamud used the opinion of Salzman to emphasize the value of adhering to moral obligations. As a matchmaker, he handled Leo’s case with a different approach. He intended to find him a bride that